The Lanterns of Fasnacht: A Visual Spectacle

Fasnacht, or Fastnacht, is a pre-Lenten carnival celebrated in many parts of Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein. While each region boasts unique traditions, a common thread linking them all is the incredible visual artistry, and perhaps nowhere is this more evident than in the making and procession of the Lanterns of Fasnacht. These aren’t simply sources of light; they’re intricate works of art, steeped in history and brimming with satirical commentary. This article delves into the captivating world of Fasnacht lanterns, exploring their origins, construction, significance, and the thrilling spectacles they create.

A History Illuminated: The Origins of Fasnacht Lanterns

The history of Fasnacht itself is ancient, tracing back to pagan spring festivals designed to ward off the spirits of winter. As these traditions merged with Christian observances, the period leading up to Lent became a time for revelry, often involving disguises and the temporary overturning of social norms. The lantern aspect, however, developed more specifically in the regions of the Swiss-German alpine areas.

Originally, the lanterns served a practical purpose – providing light during the late-night, often chaotic, Fasnacht processions. However, they quickly evolved into expressions of local wit and political critique. Initially they were made of simple materials like paper and wood, illuminated by candles. Over time, particularly from the 19th century onwards, they grew in complexity and artistry, becoming a symbol of the local Gillen (clown guilds or carnival societies) and their sophisticated craftwork. Early designs frequently depicted figures of authority or ridiculed current events, all done anonymously and under the guise of carnival’s playful license.

Crafting the Spectacle: How Fasnacht Lanterns are Made

The creation of a Fasnacht lantern is a year-round commitment for members of the Gillen. These aren’t mass-produced items; each lantern is painstakingly handcrafted. The process starts with meticulous design work, often involving intricate sketches and detailed plans. Traditionally, the frame is built from wood, specifically spruce or fir, bent and shaped into elegant curves and structures. This requires significant skill, passed down through generations.

The ‘skin’ of the lantern is then created using a thin, semi-transparent paper – often Japanese paper or similar – stretched and glued carefully over the wooden frame. This paper is then meticulously painted with vibrant colors, showcasing scenes of satire, political commentary, and depictions of local life. Historically, natural pigments were used, but modern lanterns often incorporate commercially available paints, although the craftsmanship remains largely unchanged.

Internal illumination has also evolved from open candles (which were dangerous) to electric lights, maintaining the radiant glow while prioritizing safety. The modern lantern’s internal structure supports the electric source and allows for intricate designs to seemingly “float” in the light. The weight of a large lantern can be considerable, requiring teams of bearers to carry them during the processions.

Decoding the Imagery: Symbolism and Satire

The imagery found on Fasnacht lanterns is far from random. It’s a visual language packed with local references, historical allusions, and cleverly veiled criticisms. Common motifs include depictions of politicians, celebrities, or local figures acting foolishly, often intentionally exaggerating their characteristics. Current events, both national and international, are frequently lampooned, offering a uniquely local perspective on global issues.

Understanding the symbolism requires a degree of familiarity with the specific region’s history, politics, and culture. The Gillen deliberately create ambiguity, encouraging discussion and debate about the lantern’s meaning. It’s a dynamic form of social commentary where everyone is invited (and expected!) to participate in interpreting the message. The anonymity of the lantern makers is crucial; it allows for honest (albeit playful) critique without personal repercussions.

The Grand Processions: Lanterns in Motion

The culmination of a year’s work is the Cortège (procession), held on the Monday (or sometimes Sunday) evening before Ash Wednesday. This is the heart of Fasnacht, and the lanterns take center stage. The processions are a breathtaking spectacle, often lasting for hours as the Gillen parade through the towns and cities.

Thousands of participants, many also in elaborate costumes, accompany the lanterns, playing traditional instruments (often brass bands) and chanting Fasnacht calls (known as Räppli). The atmosphere is electric, filled with music, laughter, and a sense of collective celebration. Spectators line the streets, marveling at the artistry and attempting to decipher the satirical messages. The procession isn’t merely a viewing event; it’s an immersive experience that encapsulates the spirit of Fasnacht – a temporary release from convention and a celebration of community.

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Are Fasnacht lanterns always satirical?
A: Primarily, yes. While artistic and visually stunning, the driving force behind their design is often social or political critique presented through humor.

Q: How long does it take to make one lantern?
A: It’s a year-long process for many Gillen. The preparing of the frame, the designing, painting and assembly can take hundreds of hours.

Q: Are the lanterns ever sold?
A: Generally, no. They are considered communal property and symbols of the Gillen. After Fasnacht, they are often stored carefully for the next year’s event, or sometimes ceremonially burned.

Q: Is Fasnacht celebrated everywhere in Switzerland?
A: No, it’s strongest in the Swiss-German speaking cantons, particularly in Basel, Bern, Lucerne, and Solothurn, but smaller celebrations occur throughout the country.

Q: What happens to the lanterns after Fasnacht ends?
A: Often they are carefully stored for repairs and re-use the following year. In some traditions, especially in Basel, there’s a spectacular ceremonial burning of the lanterns, known as the Schnitzelbank, marking the end of the festivities.